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Friday, 26 July 2013
Friday, 26 July 2013
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PHP BOOK
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Wednesday, 24 July 2013
Wednesday, 24 July 2013
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Monday, 22 July 2013
Monday, 22 July 2013
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WBJEE PHYSICS SYLLABUS
Mechanics & General properties of matter
(i) Units and dimensions : Units of measurement, system of units, fundamental and derived units, S I
units, dimensional analysis.
Methods of measurement: Vernier scale, screw gauge, analysis of errors, significant figures.
(ii) Scalars and vectors: Addition, subtraction, multiplication of vectors.
(iii) Kinematics in one, two and three dimensions, projectiles, uniform circular motion,centripetal
force, centrifigual force, relative velocity.
(iv) Dynamics: Newton's laws of motion; inertial frames, uniformly accelerated frame (pseudoforces),
conservation of linear momentum, rocket motion, centre of mass, impulsive forces, friction.
(v) Work, Power and Energy , conservative and non-conservative forces, conservation of energy,
collision(elastic and inelastic)
(vi) .Rotational motion : Torque, angular momentum and conservation of angular momentum,
moment of inertia, radius of gyration, moment of inertia of objects with simple geometrical shapes,
rotational kinetic energy and rolling on horizontal surface.
Gravitation: Laws of gravitation, gravitational field and potential, acceleration due to gravity and
its variation, escape velocity, Kepler's laws and planetary motion, motion of satellites,
Geostationary orbit.
Elasticity: Hooke's law, elastic modulii, Poisson's ratio, elastic energy.
Hydrostatics and fluid mechanics: Pressure in a fluid, Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle,
hydraulic press.
Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise.
Viscosity, streamline and turbulent motion, critical velocity, Reynold's number, Stoke's law,
Bernoulli's theorem.
Vibrations: Simple Harmonic Motion, equation of motion, damped and forced vibrations,
resonance, superposition of SHM.
Wave motion: Elastic waves, longitudinal and transverse waves. progressive waves, superposition
of waves: interference, stationary waves, beats, vibration of strings, air columns, velocity of elastic
waves in different media, Doppler effect.
Thermal Physics: Scales of temperature, thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases,
calorimetry, change of state of matter, latent heat, transition temperature, Transmission of heat:
conduction, convection, radiation, Black body radiation, absorptive and emissive powers: Kirchoffs
law, Wien's law, Stefan's law, Newton's law of cooling, Kinetic theory : mean free path, pressure of
an ideal gas, mean and rms velocity of molecules of a gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature,
degrees of freedom, equipartition of energy(statement only) --- application to monoatomic and
diatomic gases.
Thermodynamics: first law of thermodynamics, equivalence of heat and work, intensive and
extensive thermodynamic variables, reversible and irreversible processes, specific heats of gases,
relation between Cp and Cv.
Optics : reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, total internal reflection, thin
lenses, power of a lens, combination of lenses and mirrors, deviation and dispersion by prisms.
Simple and compound microscopes, astronomical telescope, human eye: defects and remedies.
Coherent sources, interference of light, Young’s double slit.
Electrostatics : Coulomb's law, electric field and potential,flux of electric field, Gauss' law,
electric field and potential due to an infinite line charge, charged infinite sheet, solid spheres and
spherical shells.Electric dipole and field due to dipole.
Capacitance, spherical and parallel plate capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, series and parallel
combination of capacitors,
Current electricity : Electric current, drift velocity and mobility, Ohm's law, resistivity,
combination of resistances in series and parallel, combination of cells.
Kirchoffs laws, Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge, potentiometer.
Heating effect of current, thermoelectricity, Seebeck and Peltier effect.
Chemical effect of current, Faraday’s law of electrolysis,:primary and secondary cells.
Electromagnatism : Magnetic effects of Current, Biot Savart's law, magnetic field due to an
infinite line charge, circular coil and solenoid, Ampere’s circuital law, Lorentz force, Fleming’s left
hand rule, force between two current carrying conductors, magnetic moment of a current loop,
magnetic dipole, torque experienced by a current carrying coil in a uniform magnetic field,
galvanometer, current sensitivity, conversion of galvanometer to voltmeter and ammeter.
Magnetic field of earth, tangent galvanometer, magnetic properties of materials : Dia, para and
ferromagnet , permeability, susceptibility.
Electromagnetic induction : Magnetic flux, Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's
law, self and mutual induction, , Flemings right hand rule, Alternating current, peak and rms
value of alternating current; generator, D.C. motor and transformer
Qualitative idea of electromagnetic wave and its spectrum .
Modern Physics: Bohr's atomic model for hydrogen like atom, hydrogen spectrum,
x-ray emission, Moseley's law, wave particle duality, de Broglie’s hypothesis, photo electric effect .
Constituents of atoms, isotopes, mass defect, mass-energy equivalence, binding energy.
radioactivity - α, β, γ radiation, half life, mean life, fission, fusion.
Energy bands in solids, intrinsic and doped semiconductors, p-n junction diode, rectifier, pnp
Thursday, 18 July 2013
Thursday, 18 July 2013
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AIEEE CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
SECTION: A
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and
compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and
accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical
combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage
composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER
Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Gaseous State:
Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of
diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of
temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of
average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from
Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.
Liquid State:
Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of
temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).
Solid State:
Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and
crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and
lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit
cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.
UNIT 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of
electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr
model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the
electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of
matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of
quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, ?? and
??2, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of ?? and ??2
with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum
and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals,
electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau
principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of
elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent
bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds;
calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence
Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important
features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.
22
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals
(bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations
of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond
energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive
properties, state functions, types of processes.
First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of
bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition,
hydration, ionization and solution.
Second law of thermodynamics; Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and DG of
the system as criteria for spontaneity, Dgo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and
equilibrium constant.
UNIT 6: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole
fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and
Raoult’s Law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for
ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - relative
lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and
osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties;
Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid - gas and solid – gas equilibria,
Henry’s law, general characterics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical
equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of
catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various
concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Br??nsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their
ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization
constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH
of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer
solutions.
UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number,
rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Eectrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and
molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its
applications.
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes,
electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell reactions,
emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications;
Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead
accumulator; Fuel cells.
UNIT 9 : CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration,
temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and
molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral
forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half - lives, effect of
temperature on rate of reactions – Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its
calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).
UNIT-10 : SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting
adsorption of gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms,
adsorption from solutions.
Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions,
classification of colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and
associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect,
Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions
and their characteristics.
SECTION – B
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements,
periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy,
electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.
UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS
Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the
extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and
refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic
and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.
UNIT 13: HYDROGEN
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of
hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure,
preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Hydrogen as a fuel.
UNIT 14: S - BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)
Group - 1 and 2 Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and
chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each
group, diagonal relationships.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and
sodium hydroxide; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement;
Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
UNIT 15: P - BLOCK ELEMENTS
Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and
chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique
behaviour of the first element in each group.
Groupwise study of the p – block elements
Group – 13
Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of boric acid,
diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride
Group – 14
Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; Structure & properties of silicates, and
zeolites.
Group – 15
Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus;
Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and
phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus.
Group – 16
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur;
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial
preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group – 17
Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of
hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of
halogens.
Group –18
Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.
UNIT 16: d – and f – BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general
trends in properties of the first row transition elements - physical properties, ionization
enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic
properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation,
properties and uses of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, co-ordination
number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination
compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal
field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds
(in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).
UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil.
Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and Stratospheric
Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur,
hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Green house effect and
Global warming; Acid rain;
Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and
prevention.
Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its
mechanism and effects.
Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical
pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides,. herbicides and
fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.
Strategies to control environmental pollution.
SECTION-C
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and
chromatography - principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in
organic quantitative analysis.
UNIT 20: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p);
Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C h C –
and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series;
Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and
carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
UNIT 21: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation,
properties and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of
halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of
hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect);
Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides;
Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity; Mechanism
of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and
acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond;
Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform & iodoform.
UNIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of
dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and
sulphonation, Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group,
relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as –
Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard
reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of ı - hydrogen,
aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to
distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of
primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 25: POLYMERS
General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerizationaddition
and condensation, copolymerization;
Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with
emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
UNIT 26: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES - Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose
and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose
and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of ı - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins:
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only),
denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS - Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins - their meaning
and common examples.
Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples.
Cleansing agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
• Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the
following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and
ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
• Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and the use of
indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+.
Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI -, Br, I.
(Insoluble salts excluded).
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
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